Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

What is nasopharyngeal carcinoma?

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a rare cancer that develops in the nasopharynx, which is the upper part of the throat located behind the nose. Because of its location, the disease may not cause noticeable symptoms in its early stages. It is more common in certain parts of the world but can occur in any population.

What causes nasopharyngeal carcinoma?

The exact cause of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is not fully understood, but it has been strongly associated with infection by the Epstein-Barr virus. Genetic factors and environmental exposures, including certain dietary habits, such as consumption of salt-cured foods, may also increase risk. Tobacco and alcohol use may contribute, as well. Most cases result from a combination of these factors rather than a single cause.

Symptoms

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma may not cause symptoms at first. As the tumor grows, patients may experience persistent nasal congestion, frequent nosebleeds, or hearing problems, often in one ear. A painless lump in the neck caused by swollen lymph nodes is a common early sign. Some patients develop ringing in the ears, headaches, facial numbness, or difficulty opening the mouth. In more advanced cases, symptoms may include vision changes or difficulty swallowing.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis typically begins with a physical examination and a detailed medical history. A specialist may use a small camera to examine the nasopharynx. Imaging studies, such as MRI or CT scans, are often used to evaluate the extent of the tumor. A biopsy is required to confirm the diagnosis by examining tissue under a microscope.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma treatment

At UTHealth Houston, patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma receive care from a multidisciplinary team with expertise in head and neck cancers. Specialists use advanced imaging, precise radiation techniques, and personalized treatment strategies to provide comprehensive care focused on effective treatment and long-term outcomes. Treatment depends on the stage of the disease and a patient’s overall health. Radiation therapy is the primary treatment for many patients because of the tumor’s location. Chemotherapy is often used in combination with radiation therapy, particularly in more advanced cases. Targeted therapy or immunotherapy may be recommended in certain situations. Treatment plans are individualized to achieve the best possible outcomes while preserving function and quality of life.

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