Colon Polyps

What are colon polyps?

Colon polyps are growths that develop on the inner lining of the colon or rectum. They are common, especially as people age, and most do not cause symptoms. While many polyps are benign, some have the potential to develop into colorectal cancer over time. Because colorectal cancer often begins as a small polyp, early detection and removal are the most effective ways to prevent cancer from developing.

Colon cancer screening refers to testing performed in people without symptoms to identify polyps or early-stage cancer. At UTHealth Houston Gastroenterology & Digestive Health, we provide comprehensive colorectal cancer screening and advanced polyp removal techniques designed to prevent cancer and support long-term digestive health.

Causes of colon polyps and colorectal cancer

Colon polyps can develop in anyone, but risk increases with age, particularly after 45. Other risk factors include obesity, smoking, a personal history of polyps, and a family history of colon polyps or colorectal cancer. Certain inherited conditions and chronic inflammatory disorders of the colon may also increase risk. Most colorectal cancers start as small growths in the lining of the colon that slowly change over several years. Because this progression typically occurs without noticeable symptoms, regular screening plays a critical role in identifying and removing precancerous lesions before they advance.

Symptoms of colon polyps and colorectal cancer

Most colon polyps do not cause symptoms, which is why routine screening is so important. When symptoms do occur, they may include rectal bleeding, blood in the stool, changes in bowel habits, abdominal discomfort, or unexplained anemia. Early-stage colorectal cancer may also be silent. As cancer progresses, symptoms can include persistent changes in bowel habits, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, or abdominal pain. Detecting polyps before symptoms develop offers the greatest opportunity for prevention.

Diagnosis of colon polyps and colorectal cancer

The American Cancer Society recommends that individuals at average risk begin regular colorectal cancer screening at age 45. People at increased or high risk may need to begin screening earlier, undergo testing more frequently, or receive specialized evaluation based on personal and family history.

Colonoscopy is the gold standard screening test because it allows physicians to examine the entire colon and remove precancerous polyps during the same procedure. This ability to diagnose and treat in a single setting makes colonoscopy one of the most effective tools for cancer prevention. For patients in whom a standard colonoscopy is technically challenging or previously unsuccessful, advanced techniques such as double balloon-assisted colonoscopy may allow complete examination of the colon.

Treatment of colon polyps and prevention of colorectal cancer

Most colon polyps can be safely removed during colonoscopy. Removing precancerous polyps significantly reduces the risk of developing colorectal cancer. Some polyps are large or have complex features that require advanced endoscopic techniques. Our interventional gastroenterologists are experienced in endoscopic mucosal resection and endoscopic submucosal dissection, which allow precise removal of larger lesions while preserving healthy tissue. In select cases, flexible robotic approaches for polyp removal may be available through research protocols.

Following polyp removal, patients receive individualized surveillance recommendations to monitor for recurrence and reduce future risk. Through regular screening, early detection, and advanced minimally invasive therapies, colorectal cancer is often preventable and highly treatable when identified at an early stage.