Pediatric Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Primarily affecting babies who are born prematurely or have other health issues, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a gastrointestinal condition that causes inflammation in the intestine. The condition can cause damage to intestinal tissue and can sometimes lead to a hole in the intestinal wall or necrosis of bowel segments. In babies with NEC, bacteria can leak into the abdomen or bloodstream, leading to life-threatening infections.

What causes it?

While the exact cause of necrotizing enterocolitis is unknown, several factors may contribute to the condition, including an underdeveloped immune system and reduced blood flow to the intestine.

Most cases occur within the first two to six weeks of life, especially in babies who weigh less than 5.5 pounds at birth.

Schedule an appointment

Pediatric Surgery

What are the symptoms?

  • Swollen or bloated belly
  • Green or yellow vomit
  • Bloody stool or diarrhea
  • Feeding difficulties or decreased appetite
  • Tiredness or low energy
  • Unstable body temperature, heart rate, or blood pressure
  • Breathing issues

How is it diagnosed?

Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to improving outcomes. Diagnosing NEC requires a combination of physical exams, lab work, and imaging. Your child’s health care team may order:

  • Abdominal X-rays to detect air bubbles around the intestine
  • Blood tests to check for signs of infection or inflammation
  • Stool tests to look for blood that may not be visible to the eye

How is it treated?

The following treatment options are available depending on the severity of your child’s condition:

  • IV fluids and nutrition
  • Antibiotics to treat infection
  • A tube placed through the nose or mouth into the stomach to relieve pressure by removing air and fluid
  • Abdominal drainage to remove gas and infected fluids
  • Surgery in more severe cases to remove damaged tissue or repair an intestinal hole if the intestine is perforated

Long-term care

Some babies recover completely from NEC without lasting problems, while others may develop complications such as intestinal strictures (narrowing), short bowel syndrome, or developmental delays. Ongoing monitoring of nutrition, digestion, and development is often needed as your child grows.

Visit our pediatric surgery page to learn more about our services and providers.